Characterisation of Post-COVID-19 Sequelae in a Primary Care Setting: A Cross-sectional Study
Sandy Andrea Saavedra- Contreras
Hospital General de Zona No. 20, Órgano de Operación Administrativa Desconcentrada Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
Daniel Lopez- Hernandez *
Clínica de Medicina Familiar “División del Norte”, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Cuidad de México, México.
Nallely Blanco- Osorio
Hospital General de Zona No. 20, Órgano de Operación Administrativa Desconcentrada Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
Leticia Brito- Aranda
Centro de Investigación y de Educación Continua, S.C. Estado de México, México.
Daniel Cannan- Perez
Hospital General de Zona No. 20, Órgano de Operación Administrativa Desconcentrada Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
Karina Ayala- Lopez
Hospital Regional “Lic. Adolfo López Mateos”, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Cuidad de México, México.
Guadalupe Jacqueline Flores- Morales
Centro de Investigación y de Educación Continua, S.C. Estado de México, México.
Liliana Garcia- Montiel
Clínica de Medicina Familiar “Balbuena”, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Cuidad de México, México.
Liliana Grisel Liceaga- Perez
Clínica de Medicina Familiar “Guerrero”, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Cuidad de México, México.
Tania Castillo- Cruz
Hospital General de Zona No. 20, Órgano de Operación Administrativa Desconcentrada Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
María del Rocío Thompson- Bonilla
Hospital Regional “1º de Octubre”, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Cuidad de México, México.
Saul Odin Rodriguez- Ramirez
Hospital General de Zona No. 20, Órgano de Operación Administrativa Desconcentrada Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
Edgar Cruz- Aviles
Clínica de Medicina Familiar “Ermita”, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Cuidad de México, México.
Rocio Liliana Jimenez- Hernandez
Clínica de Medicina Familiar “Cinco de Febrero”, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Cuidad de México, México.
Emmanuel Melgarejo- Estefan
Delegación Regional Zona Poniente, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México.
Abraham Espinoza- Perdomo
Centro de Investigación y de Educación Continua, S.C. Estado de México, México.
Luis Beltran- Lagunes
Centro de Investigación y de Educación Continua, S.C. Estado de México, México.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study is to describe the population experiencing post-COVID-19 sequelae within a primary care setting. By characterising the demographic, clinical, and symptomatic features of these patients, the study seeks to enhance understanding of long COVID in the context of first-level healthcare.
Study Design: A single-centre, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted.
Place and Duration of Study: Family Medicine Unit. The study was conducted from January 1st, 2023, to March 31st, 2025, with COVID-19 Mexican patients attending outpatient consultations in the Epidemiology Department of Family Medicine Unit No. 57, from the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), in Puebla, Mexico.
Methodology: Data on clinical and sociodemographic variables were collected through medical records, such as age, sex, weight. height, Body Mass Index (BMI), comorbidities and COVID-19 vaccination status. Categorical variables were performed using Yates’ corrected chi-square or likelihood ratio test. A 95% confidence interval (CI95%) was included. Quantitative variables were compared by Mann-Whitney U or Student’s t-test, as appropriate. AsStatistical significance was set at P < 0.05 (two-tailed).
Results: A total of 138 patients with long COVID-19 were included in the study. The mean age was 48.19 years old (Standard Deviation [SD] = 16.542), with a median of 45.05 years (Interquartile Range [IQR] = 36.8–58.32). The median age was slightly higher in females (45.07 years, IQR = 38.05–57.11) than in males (44.09 years, IQR = 34.08–62.07), though this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.726). The most common comorbidities observed were hypertension (n = 36; 26.1%, 95% CI: 18.1–33.3), type 2 diabetes (n = 23; 16.7%, 95% CI: 10.9–23.2), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 4; 2.9%, 95% CI: 0.7–6.5). The five most frequently reported post-COVID-19 sequelae were cough (n = 60; 43.5%, 95% CI: 35.5–52.2), odynophagia (n = 22; 15.9%, 95% CI: 10.1–22.4), headache (n = 18; 13.0%, 95% CI: 8.0–18.8), myalgia (n = 17; 12.3%, 95% CI: 7.2–18.1), and both rhinorrhoea and pulmonary fibrosis (n = 14 each; 10.1%, 95% CI: 5.1–15.2). The vaccination history was significantly associated with the presence of post-COVID-19 cough (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.254, 95% CI: 1.100–4.619, p = 0.026) and showed a protective association against post-COVID-19 dyspnoea (OR = 0.154, 95% CI: 0.032–0.745, p = 0.020).
Conclusion: In patients with long COVID-19 in primary care, the most common sequelae was respiratory symptoms, particularly persistent cough and odynophagia. Vaccination appeared to offer protection, notably against symptoms such as dyspnoea. These findings highlight the value of sustained vaccination efforts and the need for tailored post-COVID follow-up based on individual risk and sociodemographic factors.
Keywords: Long COVID-19, non-communicable diseases, post-COVID-19 sequelae