A Review on the Role of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes in Ruminant Nutrition
Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Volume 41, Issue 36,
Page 45-58
DOI:
10.9734/cjast/2022/v41i363966
Abstract
Dairy production system in developing countries mainly depends on forage plants and crop residues as major portion of the Ruminants diet. The majority of the dry matter in forage crops is made up of fibre whose digestibility is limited in rumen ecosystem. Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) is gaining popularity in recent days as they overcome the limitations of other methodologies which are used to improve the digestibility of fibre. Due to microbial enzyme activity, ruminants are able to break down fibrous feedstuff, but structural polysaccharides like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin will only be partially broken down. The primary purpose of these enzymes is to provide as many nutrients as possible from the indigestible, potentially digestible, and digestible portions of the cell wall. EFE employed in ruminant diets can be divided into three primary categories based on the specific substrates on which their enzyme activity can take place: fibrolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic. Enzymes can be applied in liquid or granular form to hay, silage, concentrate, TMR, supplement or premix. Even though positive results were obtained, up to date animal responses to EFE supplements have varied greatly due to enzymatic handling, dosage, diet constituents, time and method of applications. This renders need for further dedicated research efforts for the broad generalization of exogenous enzyme usage in ruminant nutrition. The goal of this study was to give a concise summary of the current state of knowledge about EFE usage in ruminant diets and to discuss potential future research areas.
- Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes
- nutrient digestibility
- growth performance
- ruminants
How to Cite
References
ICAR-IGFRI. Vision-2050. Indian Grassland and Forage Research Institute, Jhansi, India; 2015.
Available:https://www.igfri.res.in/
(Accessed, 12.04.2021)
Gupta SK, Choudhary SK, Choudhury SR, Dixhit AK, Dubey SN, Singh, RP. Strategies to increase quality and availability of green fodder production in eastern region of India: A review. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2019;7(6):216-212.
Krause M, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Farr BI, Norgaard P. Fibrolytic enzyme treatment of barley grain and source of forage in high grain diets fed to growing cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 1998;76: 2912-2920.
Meale SJ, Beauchemin KA, Hristov AN, Chaves AV, McAllister TA. Board Invited Review: Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve ruminant production. Journal of Animal Science. 2014;92:427–442.
Sticklen MB. Plant genetic engineering for biofuel production: Towards affordable cellulosic ethanol. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2008;9:433-443.
Reddy PRK, Raju J, Reddy AN, Ramadevi A, Reddy PP. Recent trends in supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant nutrition–a review. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences. 2016;7(38):11700-11708.
McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng KJ. Enzymes in ruminant diets. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Lethbridge, Canada; 2003.
Iannaccone F, Alborino V, Dini I, Balestrieri A, Marra R, Davino R, Di Francia A, Masucci F, Serrapica F, Vinale F. In vitro application of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes from trichoderma spp. to improve feed utilization by ruminants. Agriculture. 2022;12(5):573.
Wang C, Liu Q, Guo G, Huo WJ, Wang YX, Zhang YL, Pei CX, Zhang SL. Effects of fibrolytic enzymes and isobutyrate on ruminal fermentation, microbial enzyme activity and cellulolytic bacteria in pre- and post-weaning dairy calves. Animal Production Science. 2018;59(3):471-478.
Gado HM, Salem AZM, Robinson PH, Hassan M. Influence of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, extent of ruminal fermentation as well as milk production and composition in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2009;154(1):36-46.
Azzaz HH, Abd El Tawab AM, Khattab MS, Szumacher-Strabel M, Cieślak A, Murad HA, Kiełbowicz M, El-Sherbiny M. Effect of cellulase enzyme produced from Penicillium chrysogenum on the milk production, composition, amino acid, and fatty acid profiles of egyptian buffaloes fed a high-forage diet. Animals. 2021;11(11): 3066.
Kholif AE, Hamdon HA, Gouda GA, Kassab AY, Morsy TA, Patra AK. Feeding date-palm leaves ensiled with fibrolytic enzymes or multi-species probiotics to Farafra ewes: Intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood chemistry, milk production and milk fatty acid profile. Animals. 2022;12(9):1107.
Lourenco JM, Maia FJ, Bittar JHJ, Segers JR, Tucker JJ, Campbell BT, Stewart RL. Utilization of exogenous enzymes in beef cattle creep feeds. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2020;48(1):70-77.
Abid K, Jabri J, Ammar H, Said SB, Yaich H, Malek A, Rekhis J, Lópeze S, Kamoun M. Effect of treating olive cake with fibrolytic enzymes on feed intake, digestibility and performance in growing lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2020;261:114405.
Holtshausen L, Chung YH, Gerardo-Cuervo H, Oba M, Beauchemin KA. Improved milk production efficiency in early lactation dairy cattle with dietary addition of a developmental fibrolytic enzyme additive. Journal of Dairy Science. 2011;94(2): 899-907.
Hassan SA, Almaamory YA. Effect of enzyme treatments for some roughages on average gain performance, feed conversion ratio and nutrient digestibility of awassi lambs. Plant Archives. 2019;19(1): 993-1002.
Tewoldebrhan TA, Appuhamy JADRN, Lee JJ, Niu M, Seo S, Jeong S, Kebreab E. Exogenous β-mannanase improves feed conversion efficiency and reduces somatic cell count in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017;100(1): 244-252.
McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng KJ. Enzymes in ruminants diets. In: Enzymes in farm animal nutrition. Ed. Bedford, M.R. and Partridge, G.G. CABI publishing: Wiltshire, UK. 2001;273–298.
Taye D, Etefa M. Review on improving nutritive value of forage by applying exogenous enzymes. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry. 2020;5:72-79.
Sujani S, Seresinhe RT. Exogenous enzymes in ruminant nutrition: A review. Asian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2015;9 (3):85-99.
Mendoza GD, Loera-Corral O, Plata-Pérez FX, Hernández-García PA, Ramírez-Mella M. Considerations on the use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve forage utilization. The Scientific World Journal; 2014.
Caffall KH, Mohnen D. The structure, function, and biosynthesis of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides. Carbohydrate Research. 2009;344(14):1879-1900.
Morgavi DP, Kelly WJ, Janssen PH, Attwood GT. Rumen microbial (meta) genomics and its application to ruminant production. Animal. 2012;7:184–201.
Beauchemin KA, Colombatto D, Morgavi DP, Yang WZ. Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to improve feed utilization by ruminants. Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 81(14):E37-E47.
Nsereko VL, Morgavi DP, Rode LM, Beauchemin KA, McAllister TA. Effects of fungal enzyme preparations on hydrolysis and subsequent degradation of alfalfa hay fibre by mixed rumen microorganisms In vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2000;88(3-4):153–170.
Feng P, Hunt CW, Pritchard GT, Julien WE. Effect of enzyme preparations on in situ and In vitro degradation and In vivo digestive characteristics of mature cool-season grass forage in beef steers. Journal of Animal Sciences. 1996;74: 1349-1357.
Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM. Effects of an enzyme feed additive on extent of digestion and milk production of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 1999;82:391-403.
Hristov AN, Basel CE, Melgar A, Foley AE, Ropp JK, Hunt CW, Tricarico JM. Effect of exogenous polysaccharide- degrading enzyme preparations on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2008;145:182-193.
Giraldo LA, Tejido ML, Ranilla MA, Ramos S, Carro MD. Influence of direct-fed fibrolytic enzymes on diet digestibility and ruminal activity in sheep fed a grass hay-based diet. Journal of Animal Sciences. 2008;86:1617- 1623.
Yang JC, Guevara-Oquendo VH, Refat B, Yu P. Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei on rumen degradation characteristics and degradability of low-tannin whole plant faba bean silage in dairy cows. Dairy. 2022;3(2):303-313.
Mousa GA, Allak MA, Hassan OGA. Influence of fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on lactation performance of Ossimi ewes. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2022;10(1): 27-34.
Carrillo-Díaz MI, Miranda-Romero LA, Chávez-Aguilar G, Zepeda-Batista JL, González-Reyes M, García-Casillas AC, Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G. Improvement of Ruminal neutral detergent fiber degradability by obtaining and using exogenous fibrolytic enzymes from white-rot fungi. Animals. 2022;12(7): 843.
Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng KJ. Exogenous enzymes for ruminants. In: Proceedings of 17th Western Nutrition Conference, Edmonton, Alberta. 1996; 51-61.
Lynch JP, Jin L, Lara EC, Baah J, Beauchemin KA. The effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes and a ferulic acid esterase-producing inoculant on the fibre degradability, chemical composition and conservation characteristics of alfalfa silage. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2014;193:21-31.
Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM. A comparison of methods of adding fibrolytic enzymes to lactating cow diets. Journal of Dairy Science. 2000;83:2512-2520.
Forsberg C, Forano E, Chesson A. Microbial adherence to the plant cell wall and enzymatic hydrolysis. In: Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction. Ed. P.B. Cronje. CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK. 2000;79-97.
Singh D, Yadav SK, Sharma B, Malik TA, Kumari V, Mir SH. Use of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes as feed additive in ruminants: A review. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2018;6(6):2912-2917.
McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng KJ. Enzymes in ruminant diets. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Lethbridge, Canada; 2010.
Dong Y, Bae HD, McAllister TA, Mathison GW, Cheng KJ. The effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes, alpha-bromoethanesulphonate and monensin on digestibility of grass hay and methane production in the RUSITEC. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 1999;79: 491-498.
Lewis GE, Hunt CW, Sanchez WK, Treacher R, Pritchard GT, Feng P. Effect of direct-fed fibrolytic enzymes on the digestive characteristics of a forage-based diet fed to beef steers. Journal of Animal Science. 1996;74(12):3020-3028.
Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng KJ. Stability of exogenous polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1998;76: 165-172.
Wallace RJ, Wallace SJ, McKain N, Nsereko VL, Hartnell GF. Influence of supplementary fibrolytic enzymes on the fermentation of corn and grass silages by mixed ruminal microorganisms In vitro. Journal of Animal Science. 2001;79: 1905-1916.
Newbold CJ, Brock R, Wallace RJ. The effect of Aspergillus movie fermentation extract on the growth of fungi and ciliate protozoa in the rumen. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1992;15:109-112.
Newbold CJ. Microbial feed additives for ruminants. In: Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding. Ed. Wallace, R.J. and Chesson, H.C. VCH Publishers Inc., New York. 1995;259-278.
Nsereko VL, Beauchemin KA, Morgavi DP, Rode LM, Furtado AF, McAllister TA, Iwassa AD, Yang WZ, Wang Y. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the rumen microbial population of dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 2002;48 (1):14-20.
Beauchemin KA, Colombatto D, Morgavi DP, Yang WZ, Rode LM. Mode of action of exogenous cell wall degrading enzymes for ruminants. Canadian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2004;84(1):13-22.
Muzakhar K, Hayashii H, Kawaguchi T, Sumitani J, Arai M. Purification and properties of a-L-arabinofuranosidase and endo-B-D-1,4-galactanase from Aspergillusniger KF-267 which liquefied the okara. In: MIE Bioforum Genetics, Biochemistry and Ecology of Cellulose Degradation. Suzuka, Japan. 1998;133.
Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Van Herk FH, Cheng KJ, Newbold CJ, Cheeke PR. Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers. Journal of Animal Science. 1999;77(9):2554-2563.
Morgavi DP, Beauchemin KA, Nsereko VL, Rode LM, McAllister TA, Iwaasa AD, Wang Y, Yang WZ. Resistance of feed enzymes to proteolytic inactivation by rumen microorganisms and gastrointestinal proteases. Journal of Animal Science. 2001;79(6):1621-1630.
Mir PS, Mears GJ, Mir Z, Morgan Jones SD. Effects of increasing dietary grain on viscosity of duodenal digesta and plasma hormone and glucose concentrations in steers. Journal of Animal Science. 1998; 76:247.
Burroughs W, Woods W, Ewing SA, Greig J, Theurer B. Enzyme additions to fattening cattle rations. Journal of Animal Science. 1960;19(2):458-464.
Abid K, Jabri J, Yaich H, Malek A, Rekhis J, Kamoun M. In vitro study on the effects of exogenic fibrolytic enzymes produced from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on ruminal degradation of olive mill waste. Archives Animal Breeding. 2022;65(1): 79-88.
Sharma VC, Singh SK, Mahesh MS, Atmakuri S, Chandra, B, Balakrishnan U. Milk performance of dairy cows supplemented with a combination of slow-release nitrogen and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2021;74(3).
Tirado-González DN, Tirado-Estrada G, Miranda-Romero LA, Ramírez-Valverde R, Medina-Cuéllar SE, Salem AZ. Effects of addition of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on digestibility and milk and meat production–A systematic review. Annals of Animal Science. 2021;21(4): 1159-1192.
Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Mackawa M, Morgavi DP, Kampen R. Evaluation of non-starch polysaccharide feed enzyme in dairy cow diets. Journal of Dairy Science. 2000;83(3):543-553.
Romero JJ, Macias EG, Ma ZX, Martins RM, Staples CR, Beauchemin KA, Adesogan AT. Improving the performance of dairy cattle with a xylanase-rich exogenous enzyme preparation. Journal of Dairy Science. 2016;99(5):3486-3496.
Lunagariya PM, Gupta R, Parnerkar S, Mehta BM, Hadiya KK. Effect of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in total mixed ration on milk yield, composition, feed efficiency in holstein friesian crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 2019;89(8):876-880.
Lunagariya PM, Gupta RS, Parnerkar S. In vitro evaluation of total mixed ration supplemented with exogenous fibrolytic enzymes for crossbred cows. Veterinary World. 2017;10(3):281–85.
Salem AZM, Gado HM, Colombatto D, Elghandour MMY. Effects of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and growth performance in beef steers. Livestock Science. 2013;154 (1-3):69–73.
Vicini JL, Bateman HG, Bhat MK, Clark JH, Erdman RA, Phipps RH, Van Amburgh ME, Hartnell GF, Hintz RL, Hard DL. Effect of feeding supplemental fibrolytic enzymes or soluble sugars with malic acid on milk production. Journal of Dairy Science. 2003; 86:576-585.
Kady RI, Awadalla IM, Mohamed MI, Fadel M, Abd El-Rahman HH. Effect of exogenous enzymes on the growth performance and digestibility of growing buffalo calves. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2006;8(3): 354-359.
Ahsani MR, Mohammadabadi MR, Shamsaddini MB. Clostridium perfringens isolate typing by multiplex PCR. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases. 2010;16(4):573-578.
Mohammadabadi MR. Tissue-specific mRNA expression profile of ESR2 gene in goat. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal. 2021;12:169-184.
Masoudzadeh SH, Mohammadabadi M, Khezri A, Stavetska RV, Oleshko VP, Babenko OI, Yemets Z, Kalashnik OM. Effects of diets with different levels of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed powder on DLK1 gene expression in brain, adipose tissue, femur muscle and rumen of Kermani lambs. Small Ruminant Research. 2020;193:e106276.
Masoudzadeh SH, Mohammadabadi MR, Khezri A, Kochuk-Yashchenko OA, Kucher DM, Babenko OI, Bushtruk MV, Tkachenko SV, Stavetska RV, Klopenko NI, Oleshko VP, Tkachenko MV, Titarenko IV. Dlk1 gene expression in different tissues of lamb. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 2020;10:669-677.
Mohammadabadi MR, Jafari AHD, Bordbar F. Molecular analysis of CIB4 gene and protein in kermani sheep. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2017; 50:e6177.
Zamani P, Akhondi M, Mohammadabadi MR. Associations of inter-simple sequence repeat loci with predicted breeding values of body weight in sheep. Small Ruminant Research. 2015;132(3):123–127.
Mohammadabadi MR. Inter-simple sequence repeat loci associations with predicted breeding values of body weight in kermani sheep. Genetics in the 3rd Millennium. 2016;14(4):4383-4390.
Amiri Roudbar M, Mohammadabadi MR, Mehrgardi AA, Abdollahi-Arpanahi A. Estimates of variance components due to parent-of-origin effects for body weight in Iran-black sheep. Small Ruminant Research. 2017;149:1-5.
Ghotbaldini H, Mohammadabadi MR, Nezamabadi-pour H, Babenko OI, Bushtruk MV, Tkachenko SV. Predicting breeding value of body weight at 6-month age using artificial neural networks in kermani sheep breed. Acta Scientiarum. Anim Sci. 2019;41:e45282.
Sheikh GG, Ganai AM, Sheikh FA, Bhat SA, Masood D, Mir S, Ahmad I, Bhat MA. Effect of feeding urea molasses treated rice straw along with fibrolytic enzymes on the performance of corriedale Sheep. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 2017;5(6):2626-2630.
Patel BC. Effects of fibrolytic enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization of sheep. M.V.Sc. Thesis, Submitted to Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat (India); 2012.
El-Bordeny NE, El-Sayed HM, Hemmat S, Mahran AT. Evaluation of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme supplementation to improve feed utilization in ruminants. Journal of Environmental Science. 2017;39 (1):69-90.
Pinos-Rodriguez JM, Moreno R, González SS, Robinson PH, Mendoza G, Alvarez G. Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of total mixed rations fed to lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2008;142 (3):210-219.
Sakita GZ, Lima PDMT, Abdalla Filho AL, Bompadre TFV, Ovani VS, Bizzuti BE, da Costa WDS, do Prado Paim T, Campioni TS, de Oliva Neto P, Bremer-Neto H.. Treating tropical grass with fibrolytic enzymes from the fungus Trichodermareesei: Effects on animal performance, digestibility and enteric methane emissions of growing lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2022;286:115253.
Avaialable:http:// doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115253
Bueno LA, Mendoza GD, Hernández-Garcia PAZ, Martinez-Garcia JA, Plata-Pérez FX. Evaluation of high doses of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in lambs fed an oat straw based ration. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology. 2013;13:355-362.
Bennett SL, Faciola A. Addition of Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes to Lactating Dairy Cow Diets: AN385/AN385, 03/2022. EDIS. 2022;(2).
Arriola KG, Kim SC, Staples CR, Adesogan AT. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme application to low- and high-concentrate diets on the performance of lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2011;94 (2):832-841.
Rajamma K, Srinivas Kumar D, Raghava Rao E, Narendra Nath D. Effect of fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on rumen fermentation of buffalo bulls fed total mixed rations. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine. 2014; 2(3)106-111.
Rojo R, Mendoza GD, González SS, Landois L, Bárcena R, Crosby MM. Effects of exogenous amylases from Bacillus licheniformis and Aspergillusniger on ruminal starch digestion and lamb performance. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2005;123:655-665.
Malik R, Srinivas B. Effect of source and dose of probiotics and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on intake, feed efficiency, and growth of male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2010;42(6):1263- 1269.
Marwan AA, Mousa SA, Singer AM. Impact of feeding exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE) on digestibility, rumen fermentation, haemobiochemical profile and productive performance in buffalo calves. International Journal of Veterinary Science. 2019;8(3): 127-133.
González-Garcia E, Caja G, Albanell E, Casals R, Such X. In vivo digestibility and In vitro gas production of diets supplemented with fibrolytic enzymes in dairy goats. Journal of Animal and Feed Science. 2008;17(4):530-537.
Dean DB, Staples CR, Littell RC, Kim S, Adesogan AT. Effect of method of adding a fibrolytic enzyme to dairy cow diets on feed intake, digestibility, milk production, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology. 2013;13(3):337-353.
Mohamed DEA, Borhami BE, El-Shazly KA, Sallam SMA. Effect of dietary supplementation with fibrolytic enzymes on the productive performance of early lactating dairy cows. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2013;5(6):146-155.
Vahora SG, Pande MB. Effect of enzyme supplementation on feed utilization, blood constituents and reproduction in dairy cows. Indian Journal of Animal Science. 2006;76(6):471-475.
Millam JJ, Manaram JOEL, Eli BA. Xylanase and glucanase supplementation on growth performance and blood profile of yankasa rams fed crop residues. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. 2020;5(5):166-172.
Tirado-González DN, Miranda-Romero LA, Ruíz-Flores A, Medina-Cuéllar SE, Ramírez-Valverde R, Tirado-Estrada G. Meta-analysis: Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2018; 46(1):771-783.
Bilik K, Niwińska B, Lopuszańska M. Effect of adding fibrolytic enzymes to periparturient and early lactation dairy cow diets on production parameters. Annals of Animal Science. 2009;9(4): 401-403.
Khalif AM, Aziz HA. Influence of feeding cellulytic enzymes on performance, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology. 2014;14(1):121-136.
Wahyuni RD, Ngampongsai W, Wattanachant C, Visessanguan W, Boonpayung S. Effects of enzyme levels in total mixed ration containing oil palm frond silage on intake, rumen fermentation and growth performance of male goat. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology. 2012;34(4):353-360.
Amiri Roudbar M, Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Ayatollahi Mehrgardi A, Mohammadabadi M, Taheri Yeganeh A, Rosa GJM. Estimation of the variance due to parent-of-origin effects for productive and reproductive traits in lori-bakhtiari sheep. Small Ruminant Research. 2018;160: 95-102.
Da Costa AC, Cavalheiro GF, De Queiroz Vieira ER, Gandra JR, E Buschinelli RHDT, Da Paz MF, Leite RSR. Catalytic properties of xylanases produced by Trichoderma piluliferum and Trichoderma viride and their application as additives in bovine feeding. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2019;19: 101161.
Hristov AN, Rode LM, Beauchemin KA, Wuerfel. Effect of commercial enzyme preparation on barley silage in vitro and in sacco dry matter degradability. Journal of Animal Science. 1996 ;74(1):273.
Sharma VC, Singh SK, Mahesh MS, Atmakuri S, Chandran B, Balakrishnan U. Milk performance of dairy cows supplemented with a combination of slow-release nitrogen and exogenous fibrolytic enzyme. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 2021;74(3).
-
Abstract View: 338 times
PDF Download: 84 times