Global Warming - Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies in Agriculture
Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology,
Page 93-107
DOI:
10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i730580
Abstract
Global warming - a new global challenge in front of agricultural scientists, affecting almost all the climatic parameters involving air temperature and rainfall intensity and distributions. Elevated levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) viz. carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc. are only because of faulty agricultural practices viz. intensive tilling, burning of crop residues, which further adversely affecting both land and water productivity. As per one projection that global surface air temperatures may increase by 4.0–5.8°C in upcoming few decades which offset the likely benefits of increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide on crop plants. Over space and time, new environmental conditions created which might be responsible for frequent droughts, higher temperatures, flooding, salinity, increased carbon dioxide levels, rise in sea-level, irregular rainfall patterns and shifting of pest dynamics etc. Therefore, global warming cycle needs to break down through forestation, using crop residues on soil as mulch or in soils as biochar instead of burning, and adopting certain agricultural practices or developing new plant cultivars which response to CO2 under higher temperature conditions etc which helps to reduces rather mitigate the adverse effects of the global warming. Further, changes in diets, minimum tillage operations and reductions in food wastage will also serve the purpose. The present review highlighted the crucial reasons for global warming, its impacts on agriculture and finally on mitigation strategies, which helps to improve the agricultural productivity and finally livelihoods of the farmers.
Keywords:
- Global warming
- greenhouse gases
- biochar
- global population.
How to Cite
Saini, J., & Bhatt, R. (2020). Global Warming - Causes, Impacts and Mitigation Strategies in Agriculture. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 39(7), 93-107. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i730580
References
Hossain A, Sabagh AEL, Barutcular C, Bhatt R, Çig F, Seydoşoğlu S, Turan N, Konuskan O, Iqbal MA, Abdelhamid M, Soler CMT, Laing AM, Saneoka H. Sustainable crop production to ensuring food security under climate change: A Mediterranean perspective. Australian J Crop Sci. 2020;14(03):439-446
Chauhan BS, Kaur P, Mahajan G, Randhawa RK, Singh H, Kang MS, Global warming and its possible impact on agriculture in India. Adva Agron. 2013;123: 65-121.
World Meteorological Organization. International Meteorological Vocabulary. Second ed., WMO, Geneva, Switzerland; 1992.
IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J. World agriculture towards 2030/2050, the 2012 revision (ESA Working paper No. 12-03). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2012.
Witt C, Cassman KG, Olk DC, Biker U, Liboon SP, Samson MI, Ottow JCG. Crop rotation and residue management effects on carbon sequestration, nitrogen cycling and productivity of irrigated rice systems. Plant Soil. 2000;225:263–278.
Bhatt R, Arora S. Impact of tillage on soil bio-chemical properties, water storage and environment. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2015;14(3):278-282.
Zhou W, Lv TF, Chen Y, Westby AP, Ren WJ. Soil physicochemical and biological properties of paddy-upland rotation: A review. Sci. World J. 2014;856352.
Alam MK, Bell RW, Haque ME, Kader MA. Minimal soil disturbance and increased residue retention increase soil carbon in rice-based cropping systems on the Eastern Gangetic Plain. Soil Till Res. 2018; 183:28–41.
Alam MK, Biswas WK, Bell RW. Greenhouse gas implications of novel and conventional rice production technologies in the Eastern-Gangetic plains. J. Clean. Prod. 2016a;112:3977–3987.
Haque ME, Bell RW, Islam MA, Rahman MA. Minimum tillage unpuddled transplanting: an alternative crop establishment strategy for rice in conservation agriculture cropping systems. Field Crops Res. 2016;185:31–39.
Powlson DS, Stirling CM, Thierfelder C, White RP, Jat ML. Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro-ecosystems? Agriculture. Ecosyst. Environ. 2016;220: 164–174.
Bhatt R, Kukal SS. Direct seeded rice in South Asia. In: Eric Lichtfouse (ed.) Sustaina Agri Reviews. 2015;18:217- 252.
Farman J, Gardiner B, Shanklin J. Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction”, Nature. 1985:315:207-210
Kang MS, Banga SS. Global agriculture and climate change: a perspective. In: Kang MS, Banga SS (Eds.), Combating Climate Change: An Agricultural Perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 2013;11–25.
Killman W. Foreword. In: Climate change and food security: A framework document. FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 2008.
Kumar SN, Aggarwal PK, Rani S, Jain S, Saxena R, Chauhan N. Impact of climate change on crop productivity in Western Ghats, coastal and north eastern regions of India. Curr. Sci. 2011;101:332–341.
Sinha SK, Swaminathan MS. Deforestation, climate change and sustainable nutrition security: A case study of India. Climate Change. 1991;19:201–209.
Dar WD, Gowda CLL. Declining agricultural productivity and global food security. In: Kang MS, Banga SS (Eds.), Combating Climate Change: An Agricultural Perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 2013;1–10.
Parry ML, Rosenzweig C, Iglesias A, Livermore M, Fischer G. Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2004;14: 53–67.
IPCC. Contribution of working groups I, II, and III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Pachauri RK, Reisinger A. (Eds.), Climate Change Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland; 2007a.
Rosenzweig C, Parry ML. Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature. 1994;367:133–138.
Kumar SN, Aggarwal PK, Rani S, Jain S, Saxena R, Chauhan N. Impact of climate change on crop productivity in Western Ghats, coastal and north eastern regions of India. Curr. Sci. 2011;101:332–341.
Hasket JD, Pachepsky YA, Acock B. Increase of CO2 and climate change effects on Iowa soybean yield, stimulated using GLYSIM. Agron. J. 1997;89:167–176.
Farquhar GD. Carbon dioxide and vegetation. Science. 1997;278:1411.
Lal M, Singh KK, Srinivasan G, Rathore LS, Naidu D, Tripathi CN. Growth and yield response of soybean in Madhya Pradesh, India to climatic variability and change. Agr. Forest. Meteorol. 1998;89:101– 114.
Hundal SS, Kaur P. Climatic variability and its impact on cereal productivity in Indian Punjab. Curr. Sci. 2007;92:506–512.
Pandey V, Patel HR, Patel VJ. Impact assessment of climate change on wheat yield in Gujarat using CERES-wheat model. J. Agrometeorol. 2007;9:149–157.
Hundal SS, Kaur P. Climatic change and its impacts on crop productivity in Punjab, India. In: Abrol YP, Gadgil S, Pant GB. (Eds.), Climatic Variability and Agriculture. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India. 1996;377–393.
De Costa WAJM, Weerakoon WMW, Herath HMLK, Amaratunga KSP, Abeywardena RMI. Physiology of yield determination of rice under elevated carbon dioxide at high temperatures in a subhumid tropical climate. Field Crop. Res. 2006;96:336–347.
Reddy KR, Koti S, Davidonis GH, Reddy VR. Interactive effects of carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition on cotton growth, development, yield and fiber quality. Agron. J. 2004;96:1148–1157.
Kaur P, Hundal SS. Effect of possible futuristic climate change scenarios on productivity of some kharif and rabi crops in the central agroclimatic zone of Punjab. J. Agric. Phys. 2006;6:21–27.
Aggarwal PK, Kalra N. Analyzing the limitations set by climatic factors, genotype and water and nitrogen availability on productivity of wheat II. Climatically potential yields and management strategies. Field Crop. Res. 1994;38:93–103.
Kaur P, Hundal SS. Global climate change vis-a`-vis crop productivity. In: Jha MK, Jha MK (Eds.), Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters: Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation. Capital Publishing Company and Springer, New Delhi and The Netherlands. 2010;413–431.
Peng S, Huang J, Sheehy JE, Laza RC, Visperas RM, Zhong X, Centeno GS, Khush GS, Cassman KG. Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2004;101:9971–9975.
Krishnan P, Swain DK, Bhaskar BC, Nayak SK, Dash RN. Impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on rice yield and methods of adaptation as evaluated by crop simulation studies. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007;122: 233–242.
Mahajan G, Bharaj TS, Timsina J. Yield and water productivity of rice as affected by time of transplanting in Punjab, India. Agric. Water Manage. 2009a;96:525–535.
Gupta R, Gopal R, Jat ML, Jat RK, Sidhu HS, Minhas PS, Malik RK, Gupta R, Gopal R, Jat ML, Jat RK, Sidhu HS, Minhas PS, Malik RK. Wheat productivity in Indo-Gangetic plains of India during 2010: terminal heat effects and mitigation strategies. PACA Newsletter; 2010.
Saini J, Bhatt R. Climate smart agricultural technologies in rice-wheat water stressed regions of Punjab, India - A review. J Applied Natural Sci. 2019;11(3):698-703.
Bhatt R, Kukal SS. Tillage and establishment method impacts on land and irrigation water productivity of wheat-rice system in North-west India. Experi Agri. 2017;53(2):178-201.
Bhatt R. Zero tillage impacts on soil environment and properties. J Environ Agri Sci. 2017;10:01-19.
Bhatt R, Arora S, Busari MA. Zero tillage for sustaining land and water productivity in northern India. J Soil Water Conserv. 2017;16(3):228-233.
Bhatt R, Kukal SS. Delineating soil moisture dynamics as affected by tillage in wheat, rice and establishment methods during intervening period. J Applied Natural Sci. 2015a;7(1):364-368
Bhatt R, Kukal SS. Soil moisture dynamics during intervening period in rice-wheat sequence as affected by different tillage methods at Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Soil Environ. 2015b;34(1):82-88.
Bhatt R, Khera KL. Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion losses in the sub-montaneous tract of Punjab, India. Soil Till Res. 2006;88: 107- 115.
Busari MA, Kukal SS, Amanpreet Kaur, Bhatt R, Dulazi AA. Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. Inter Soil Water Conser Res. 2015;3:119-129.
Arora S, Hadda MS, Bhatt R. In-situ soil moisture conservation for improving maize yields through participatory micro-watershed approach in foothills of Shivaliks. IN International conference on “Conservation farming system and watershed management in rainfed areas” at New Delhi. 2008;57-62.
Parfitt J, Barthel M, Macnaughton S. Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philos Trans Royal Society B: Bio Sci. 2020;365:3065–3081.
Gaihre YK, Wassmann R, Pangga GV. Impact of elevated temperatures on greenhouse gas emissions in rice systems: Interaction with straw incorporation studied in a growth chamber experiment. Plant Soil. 2013;373:857-875.
Pittelkow C, Borbe MAA, Hill JE, Six J, Kessel CV, Linquist BA. Yield-scaled global warming potential of annual nitrous oxide and methane emissions from continuously flooded rice in response to nitrogen input. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2013;177:10-20.
Matthews E, Fung I, Lerner J. Methane emission from rice cultivation: Geographic and seasonal distribution of cultivated areas and emissions. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl. 1991;5:3-24.
Mitra S, Jain MC, Kumar S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Kalra N. Effect of rice cultivars on methane emission. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1999;73:177-183.
Van Groenigen JW, Velthof GL, Oenema O, Van Groenigen KJ, Van Kessel C. Towards an agronomic assessment of N2O emissions: A case study for arable crops. European Journal of Soil Science. 2010;61:903–913.
Banker BC, Kludze HK, Alford DP, DeLaune RD, Lindau CW. Methane sources and sinks in paddy rice soils: Relationship to emissions. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1995;53(3):243–251.
IPCC Agriculture, forestry and other land use. In: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, (eds Eggleston HS, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K), Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan; 2006.
Aulakh MS, Wassmann R, Rennenberg H. Methane emissions from rice fields – quantification, role of management, and mitigation options. Advan Agron. 2001;70: 193-260.
Krull E, Lehmann J, Skjemstad J, Baldock J, Spouncer L. The global extent of black C in soils: Is it everywhere. Grasslands: Ecology, Management and Restoration. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2008;13- 17.
Skjemstad JO, Reicosky DC, Wilts AR, McGowan JA. Charcoal carbon in US agricultural soils. Soil Sci Soc America J. 2002;66(4):1249-1255.
Magnusson A. Improving small-scale agriculture and countering deforestation: the case of biochar and biochar producing stoves in Embu County, Kenya; 2015.
Scholz SB, Sembres T, Roberts K, Whitman T, Wilson K, Lehmann J. Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries: Leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture. The World Bank; 2014.
PAU. The Package of Practices for the Crops of Punjab Kharif. Half yearly package published by Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; 2020.
Cui Z. 498 Research Paper: A Review of Biochar‘s Applications in the Soil Nitrogen Cycle. New Mexico State University; 2015.
McLaughlin H, Anderson PS, Shields FE, Reed TB. All biochars are not created equal, and how to tell them apart. In Proceedings, North American Biochar Conference, Boulder, Colorado. 2009;1-36.
Lehmann J. Biological carbon sequestration must and can be win-win approaches. Climatic Change. 2009;97: 459–463.
Lehmann J, Joseph S. Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (eds.), Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan Publ., London. 2009;1-12.
Bhatt R, Hossain A, Singh P. Scientific interventions to improve land and water productivity for climate smart agriculture in South-Asia. Agronomic crops. 2020;2:499-558.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9783-8
Bhatt R, Hossain A, Hasanuzzaman M. Adaptation strategies to mitigate the evapotranspiration for sustainable crop production: A perspective of rice-wheat cropping system. Agronomic crops. 2020; 2:559-582. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9783-8
Bhatt R, Arora S. Tillage and mulching options for conserving soil and water and improving livelihoods in foothills of lower Shiwaliks. J.Soil Water Conser. 2019;18 (3):230-234.
IFA., International Fertilizer Association, Paris (France). IFASTAT; 2019.
Available:https://www.ifastat.org/databases/plant-nutrition
Russenes AL, Korsaeth A, Bakken LR, Dorsch P. Effects of nitrogen split application on seasonal N2O emissions in South East Norway. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2019;115:41-56.
Fowler D, Coyle M, Skiba U, Sutton MA, Cape JN, Reis S, Sheppard LJ. The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century. Philo Trans Royal Soc B. 2013;368(1621).
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0164
Neubauer SC, Megonigal JP. Moving beyond global warming potentials to quantify the climatic role of ecosystems. Ecosystems. 2015;18:1000-1013.
Available:https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10021-015-9879-4
IPCC. Climate change: synthesis report. In: Pachauri RK, Meyer LA. (Eds.), Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Core Writing Team. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 2014;151.
Hossain A, Bhatt R. Intervention of climate smart technologies for improving water productivity in an enormous water use rice-wheat system of South-Asia. International letters of Natural Sci. 2019;75:27-35.
DOI:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILNS.75.27
Saini J, Bhatt R. Climate smart agricultural technologies in rice-wheat water stressed regions of Punjab, India - A review. J. Applied Natural Sci. 2019;11(3):698-703.
Available:https://doi.org/ 10.31018/jans.v11i3.2149
Bhatt R, Kaur R, Gosh A. Strategies to practice climate smart agriculture to improve the livelihoods under rice-wheat systems in South Asia. “Sustainable Soil and Environmental Management. 2019;29-72.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8832-3_2
Bhatt R. Zero tillage for mitigating global warming consequences and improving livelihoods in South Asia. IN Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change Adaptation Strategies.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1607-1.ch005 ISBN10: 1522516077. Editors Wayne Ganpat (The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago) and Wendy-Ann Isaac (The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago). 2016;126-161.
Sanghera GS, Kashyap L, Anuradha, Kumar R, Bhatt R, Singh H. Genetic variability studies in sugarcane (Saccharum sp. Hybrid Complex) under water stress and non-stress conditions. Intern J Genetics. 2018;10(5): 425-433.
Sanghera GS, Bhatt, R. Water stress response of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) clones/varieties for sugar yield and components traits. J. Agri. Res. 2018;9 (3):488-494.
Chauhan BS, Kaur P, Mahajan G, Randhawa RK, Singh H, Kang MS, Global warming and its possible impact on agriculture in India. Adva Agron. 2013;123: 65-121.
World Meteorological Organization. International Meteorological Vocabulary. Second ed., WMO, Geneva, Switzerland; 1992.
IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
Alexandratos N, Bruinsma J. World agriculture towards 2030/2050, the 2012 revision (ESA Working paper No. 12-03). Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2012.
Witt C, Cassman KG, Olk DC, Biker U, Liboon SP, Samson MI, Ottow JCG. Crop rotation and residue management effects on carbon sequestration, nitrogen cycling and productivity of irrigated rice systems. Plant Soil. 2000;225:263–278.
Bhatt R, Arora S. Impact of tillage on soil bio-chemical properties, water storage and environment. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2015;14(3):278-282.
Zhou W, Lv TF, Chen Y, Westby AP, Ren WJ. Soil physicochemical and biological properties of paddy-upland rotation: A review. Sci. World J. 2014;856352.
Alam MK, Bell RW, Haque ME, Kader MA. Minimal soil disturbance and increased residue retention increase soil carbon in rice-based cropping systems on the Eastern Gangetic Plain. Soil Till Res. 2018; 183:28–41.
Alam MK, Biswas WK, Bell RW. Greenhouse gas implications of novel and conventional rice production technologies in the Eastern-Gangetic plains. J. Clean. Prod. 2016a;112:3977–3987.
Haque ME, Bell RW, Islam MA, Rahman MA. Minimum tillage unpuddled transplanting: an alternative crop establishment strategy for rice in conservation agriculture cropping systems. Field Crops Res. 2016;185:31–39.
Powlson DS, Stirling CM, Thierfelder C, White RP, Jat ML. Does conservation agriculture deliver climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration in tropical agro-ecosystems? Agriculture. Ecosyst. Environ. 2016;220: 164–174.
Bhatt R, Kukal SS. Direct seeded rice in South Asia. In: Eric Lichtfouse (ed.) Sustaina Agri Reviews. 2015;18:217- 252.
Farman J, Gardiner B, Shanklin J. Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction”, Nature. 1985:315:207-210
Kang MS, Banga SS. Global agriculture and climate change: a perspective. In: Kang MS, Banga SS (Eds.), Combating Climate Change: An Agricultural Perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 2013;11–25.
Killman W. Foreword. In: Climate change and food security: A framework document. FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 2008.
Kumar SN, Aggarwal PK, Rani S, Jain S, Saxena R, Chauhan N. Impact of climate change on crop productivity in Western Ghats, coastal and north eastern regions of India. Curr. Sci. 2011;101:332–341.
Sinha SK, Swaminathan MS. Deforestation, climate change and sustainable nutrition security: A case study of India. Climate Change. 1991;19:201–209.
Dar WD, Gowda CLL. Declining agricultural productivity and global food security. In: Kang MS, Banga SS (Eds.), Combating Climate Change: An Agricultural Perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 2013;1–10.
Parry ML, Rosenzweig C, Iglesias A, Livermore M, Fischer G. Effects of climate change on global food production under SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Glob. Environ. Chang. 2004;14: 53–67.
IPCC. Contribution of working groups I, II, and III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. In: Pachauri RK, Reisinger A. (Eds.), Climate Change Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland; 2007a.
Rosenzweig C, Parry ML. Potential impact of climate change on world food supply. Nature. 1994;367:133–138.
Kumar SN, Aggarwal PK, Rani S, Jain S, Saxena R, Chauhan N. Impact of climate change on crop productivity in Western Ghats, coastal and north eastern regions of India. Curr. Sci. 2011;101:332–341.
Hasket JD, Pachepsky YA, Acock B. Increase of CO2 and climate change effects on Iowa soybean yield, stimulated using GLYSIM. Agron. J. 1997;89:167–176.
Farquhar GD. Carbon dioxide and vegetation. Science. 1997;278:1411.
Lal M, Singh KK, Srinivasan G, Rathore LS, Naidu D, Tripathi CN. Growth and yield response of soybean in Madhya Pradesh, India to climatic variability and change. Agr. Forest. Meteorol. 1998;89:101– 114.
Hundal SS, Kaur P. Climatic variability and its impact on cereal productivity in Indian Punjab. Curr. Sci. 2007;92:506–512.
Pandey V, Patel HR, Patel VJ. Impact assessment of climate change on wheat yield in Gujarat using CERES-wheat model. J. Agrometeorol. 2007;9:149–157.
Hundal SS, Kaur P. Climatic change and its impacts on crop productivity in Punjab, India. In: Abrol YP, Gadgil S, Pant GB. (Eds.), Climatic Variability and Agriculture. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India. 1996;377–393.
De Costa WAJM, Weerakoon WMW, Herath HMLK, Amaratunga KSP, Abeywardena RMI. Physiology of yield determination of rice under elevated carbon dioxide at high temperatures in a subhumid tropical climate. Field Crop. Res. 2006;96:336–347.
Reddy KR, Koti S, Davidonis GH, Reddy VR. Interactive effects of carbon dioxide and nitrogen nutrition on cotton growth, development, yield and fiber quality. Agron. J. 2004;96:1148–1157.
Kaur P, Hundal SS. Effect of possible futuristic climate change scenarios on productivity of some kharif and rabi crops in the central agroclimatic zone of Punjab. J. Agric. Phys. 2006;6:21–27.
Aggarwal PK, Kalra N. Analyzing the limitations set by climatic factors, genotype and water and nitrogen availability on productivity of wheat II. Climatically potential yields and management strategies. Field Crop. Res. 1994;38:93–103.
Kaur P, Hundal SS. Global climate change vis-a`-vis crop productivity. In: Jha MK, Jha MK (Eds.), Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters: Vulnerability, Preparedness and Mitigation. Capital Publishing Company and Springer, New Delhi and The Netherlands. 2010;413–431.
Peng S, Huang J, Sheehy JE, Laza RC, Visperas RM, Zhong X, Centeno GS, Khush GS, Cassman KG. Rice yields decline with higher night temperature from global warming. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2004;101:9971–9975.
Krishnan P, Swain DK, Bhaskar BC, Nayak SK, Dash RN. Impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on rice yield and methods of adaptation as evaluated by crop simulation studies. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 2007;122: 233–242.
Mahajan G, Bharaj TS, Timsina J. Yield and water productivity of rice as affected by time of transplanting in Punjab, India. Agric. Water Manage. 2009a;96:525–535.
Gupta R, Gopal R, Jat ML, Jat RK, Sidhu HS, Minhas PS, Malik RK, Gupta R, Gopal R, Jat ML, Jat RK, Sidhu HS, Minhas PS, Malik RK. Wheat productivity in Indo-Gangetic plains of India during 2010: terminal heat effects and mitigation strategies. PACA Newsletter; 2010.
Saini J, Bhatt R. Climate smart agricultural technologies in rice-wheat water stressed regions of Punjab, India - A review. J Applied Natural Sci. 2019;11(3):698-703.
Bhatt R, Kukal SS. Tillage and establishment method impacts on land and irrigation water productivity of wheat-rice system in North-west India. Experi Agri. 2017;53(2):178-201.
Bhatt R. Zero tillage impacts on soil environment and properties. J Environ Agri Sci. 2017;10:01-19.
Bhatt R, Arora S, Busari MA. Zero tillage for sustaining land and water productivity in northern India. J Soil Water Conserv. 2017;16(3):228-233.
Bhatt R, Kukal SS. Delineating soil moisture dynamics as affected by tillage in wheat, rice and establishment methods during intervening period. J Applied Natural Sci. 2015a;7(1):364-368
Bhatt R, Kukal SS. Soil moisture dynamics during intervening period in rice-wheat sequence as affected by different tillage methods at Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Soil Environ. 2015b;34(1):82-88.
Bhatt R, Khera KL. Effect of tillage and mode of straw mulch application on soil erosion losses in the sub-montaneous tract of Punjab, India. Soil Till Res. 2006;88: 107- 115.
Busari MA, Kukal SS, Amanpreet Kaur, Bhatt R, Dulazi AA. Conservation tillage impacts on soil, crop and the environment. Inter Soil Water Conser Res. 2015;3:119-129.
Arora S, Hadda MS, Bhatt R. In-situ soil moisture conservation for improving maize yields through participatory micro-watershed approach in foothills of Shivaliks. IN International conference on “Conservation farming system and watershed management in rainfed areas” at New Delhi. 2008;57-62.
Parfitt J, Barthel M, Macnaughton S. Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050. Philos Trans Royal Society B: Bio Sci. 2020;365:3065–3081.
Gaihre YK, Wassmann R, Pangga GV. Impact of elevated temperatures on greenhouse gas emissions in rice systems: Interaction with straw incorporation studied in a growth chamber experiment. Plant Soil. 2013;373:857-875.
Pittelkow C, Borbe MAA, Hill JE, Six J, Kessel CV, Linquist BA. Yield-scaled global warming potential of annual nitrous oxide and methane emissions from continuously flooded rice in response to nitrogen input. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2013;177:10-20.
Matthews E, Fung I, Lerner J. Methane emission from rice cultivation: Geographic and seasonal distribution of cultivated areas and emissions. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl. 1991;5:3-24.
Mitra S, Jain MC, Kumar S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Kalra N. Effect of rice cultivars on methane emission. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1999;73:177-183.
Van Groenigen JW, Velthof GL, Oenema O, Van Groenigen KJ, Van Kessel C. Towards an agronomic assessment of N2O emissions: A case study for arable crops. European Journal of Soil Science. 2010;61:903–913.
Banker BC, Kludze HK, Alford DP, DeLaune RD, Lindau CW. Methane sources and sinks in paddy rice soils: Relationship to emissions. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 1995;53(3):243–251.
IPCC Agriculture, forestry and other land use. In: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, (eds Eggleston HS, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T, Tanabe K), Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan; 2006.
Aulakh MS, Wassmann R, Rennenberg H. Methane emissions from rice fields – quantification, role of management, and mitigation options. Advan Agron. 2001;70: 193-260.
Krull E, Lehmann J, Skjemstad J, Baldock J, Spouncer L. The global extent of black C in soils: Is it everywhere. Grasslands: Ecology, Management and Restoration. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2008;13- 17.
Skjemstad JO, Reicosky DC, Wilts AR, McGowan JA. Charcoal carbon in US agricultural soils. Soil Sci Soc America J. 2002;66(4):1249-1255.
Magnusson A. Improving small-scale agriculture and countering deforestation: the case of biochar and biochar producing stoves in Embu County, Kenya; 2015.
Scholz SB, Sembres T, Roberts K, Whitman T, Wilson K, Lehmann J. Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries: Leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture. The World Bank; 2014.
PAU. The Package of Practices for the Crops of Punjab Kharif. Half yearly package published by Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India; 2020.
Cui Z. 498 Research Paper: A Review of Biochar‘s Applications in the Soil Nitrogen Cycle. New Mexico State University; 2015.
McLaughlin H, Anderson PS, Shields FE, Reed TB. All biochars are not created equal, and how to tell them apart. In Proceedings, North American Biochar Conference, Boulder, Colorado. 2009;1-36.
Lehmann J. Biological carbon sequestration must and can be win-win approaches. Climatic Change. 2009;97: 459–463.
Lehmann J, Joseph S. Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. In J. Lehmann and S. Joseph (eds.), Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan Publ., London. 2009;1-12.
Bhatt R, Hossain A, Singh P. Scientific interventions to improve land and water productivity for climate smart agriculture in South-Asia. Agronomic crops. 2020;2:499-558.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9783-8
Bhatt R, Hossain A, Hasanuzzaman M. Adaptation strategies to mitigate the evapotranspiration for sustainable crop production: A perspective of rice-wheat cropping system. Agronomic crops. 2020; 2:559-582. Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9783-8
Bhatt R, Arora S. Tillage and mulching options for conserving soil and water and improving livelihoods in foothills of lower Shiwaliks. J.Soil Water Conser. 2019;18 (3):230-234.
IFA., International Fertilizer Association, Paris (France). IFASTAT; 2019.
Available:https://www.ifastat.org/databases/plant-nutrition
Russenes AL, Korsaeth A, Bakken LR, Dorsch P. Effects of nitrogen split application on seasonal N2O emissions in South East Norway. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 2019;115:41-56.
Fowler D, Coyle M, Skiba U, Sutton MA, Cape JN, Reis S, Sheppard LJ. The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century. Philo Trans Royal Soc B. 2013;368(1621).
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0164
Neubauer SC, Megonigal JP. Moving beyond global warming potentials to quantify the climatic role of ecosystems. Ecosystems. 2015;18:1000-1013.
Available:https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10021-015-9879-4
IPCC. Climate change: synthesis report. In: Pachauri RK, Meyer LA. (Eds.), Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Core Writing Team. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. 2014;151.
Hossain A, Bhatt R. Intervention of climate smart technologies for improving water productivity in an enormous water use rice-wheat system of South-Asia. International letters of Natural Sci. 2019;75:27-35.
DOI:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILNS.75.27
Saini J, Bhatt R. Climate smart agricultural technologies in rice-wheat water stressed regions of Punjab, India - A review. J. Applied Natural Sci. 2019;11(3):698-703.
Available:https://doi.org/ 10.31018/jans.v11i3.2149
Bhatt R, Kaur R, Gosh A. Strategies to practice climate smart agriculture to improve the livelihoods under rice-wheat systems in South Asia. “Sustainable Soil and Environmental Management. 2019;29-72.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8832-3_2
Bhatt R. Zero tillage for mitigating global warming consequences and improving livelihoods in South Asia. IN Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change Adaptation Strategies.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1607-1.ch005 ISBN10: 1522516077. Editors Wayne Ganpat (The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago) and Wendy-Ann Isaac (The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago). 2016;126-161.
Sanghera GS, Kashyap L, Anuradha, Kumar R, Bhatt R, Singh H. Genetic variability studies in sugarcane (Saccharum sp. Hybrid Complex) under water stress and non-stress conditions. Intern J Genetics. 2018;10(5): 425-433.
Sanghera GS, Bhatt, R. Water stress response of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) clones/varieties for sugar yield and components traits. J. Agri. Res. 2018;9 (3):488-494.
-
Abstract View: 3039 times
PDF Download: 689 times
